铁路货运市场化定价机制探讨

为发挥价格政策对资源配置的引导和调节作用,以提高效益为目的,综合运用各种价格调节手段,构建合理的运价体系和结构,理顺不同环节间的价格关系,实现科学合理定价,在分析货运价格体系现状的基础上,提出市场化定价的基本原则和定价依据,从运作机制、定价关系、定价手段等方面对铁路货运市场化定价进行研究,制定实施符合铁路运输行业特征、反映市场供求和产品质量的运价形成机制,为铁路货运价格管理、市场化定价机制的推进实施提供参考。     

Instantaneous communication throughputs of vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) formed by connected vehicles in a traffic stream could be applied to improve safety, mobility, and environmental impacts of a transportation system. In this paper, we present analytical models for the instantaneous communication throughputs of VANETs to measure the efficiency of information propagation under various traffic conditions at a time instant. In particular, we define broadcast and unicast communication throughputs by the wireless channel bandwith multiplied by the average probabilities that one vehicle is a successful receiver and sender in a VAENT, respectively. With a protocol communication model, we derive formulas to determine the probabilities for an equipped vehicle to be a successful broadcast receiver and a successful unicast receiver/sender, and obtain broadcast and unicast throughputs along discrete and continuous traffic streams. We further examine the impacts on communication throughputs of the transmission range and the interference range of dedicated short range communication devices as well as the market penetration rate of equipped vehicles and the percentage of senders. Finally, we investigate the influence of shock waves on communication throughputs.     

Airline network choice and market coverage under high-speed rail competition

While the existing literature has focused on the short-term impacts, this paper investigates the long-term impacts of high-speed rail (HSR) competition on airlines. An analytical model is developed to study how an airline may change its network and market coverage when facing HSR competition on trunk routes. We show that prior to HSR competition, an airline is more likely to adopt a fully-connected network and cover fewer fringe markets if the trunk market is large. Under HSR competition, the airline will, for a given network structure, have a greater incentive to cover more fringe (regional or foreign) markets if the trunk market is large, or the airline network is close to hub-and-spoke. Further, the airline will, for any given market coverage, move towards a hub-and-spoke network when the trunk market is large, or the number of fringe markets covered by the airline network is large. Both effects are more prominent when the decreasing rate of airline density economies is large. We further show that HSR competition can induce the airline to adopt network structure and market coverage that are closer to the socially optimal ones, thereby suggesting a new source of welfare gain from HSR based on its long-term impacts on airlines. Implications for operators, policy makers and specific countries (such as China) are also discussed.     

Projected prevalence of car-sharing in four Asian-Pacific countries in 2030: What the experts think

This paper presents a “big-picture view” for policymakers and related stakeholders regarding the future development of car-sharing services. Car-sharing has the potential to significantly disrupt the personal mobility market. Thus, understanding their market penetration and implications is urgently needed. Previous studies in this domain have predominantly focused on the views, opinions, and preferences of consumers. In this study, we complement the current demand modelling research on car-sharing by applying an expert elicitation and aggregation technique that relies on transport experts’ opinions to investigate the role of car-sharing in the future. Specifically, based on the opinions of mobility suppliers, this research elicits experts’ judgment from across government, industry, and academia to gain insights into the future of car-sharing markets in four countries – Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. The analysis reveals that, from a mobility supplier’s perspective, energy and vehicle prices will not have a statistically significant impact on the future adoption of car-sharing. The results also show that the more knowledgeable an expert is, the more pessimistic they are about the market penetration of car-sharing in 2016, and the more optimistic they are about the prevalence of car-sharing in 2030.     

在金融危机下中国汽车行业营销新策略

中国汽车产业已进入了充分竞争阶段。单一的营销竞争模式很难再承担起品牌生存与发展的重任。在金融危机下,国内汽车企业为了应对各方面挑战,营销策略也在不断推陈出新。品牌联合营销,有利于实现资源共享,共担共赢;影视植入营销已成了汽车厂商推广产品的良方;体验式营销有助于消费者理性的选择最适合自己的产品,从而促进成交。“汽车超市”模式被誉为继“4S专卖店模式”之后的一次渠道革命。     

中国纯电动乘用车政策

我国新能源汽车正在蓬勃发展,其发展离不开政府的政策扶持。文章介绍了中国纯电动乘用车政策,同时阐述了各地方政府的优惠政策和拟出台的《纯电动乘用车技术条件》标准。指出目前我国电动乘用车水平与国外差距较大,国家和地方政府鼓励政策力度不够,许多问题仍然没有成熟的解决方案,今后应该认真总结经验教训,研制功能完善的新能源汽车。     

中日汽车工业的发展变化比较

近年来，作为国民经济支柱产业的汽车工业飞速发展，增长幅度令世界瞩目。文章介绍了中国和日本汽车工业的发展，并对中日两国汽车工业在汽车密度、汽车保有量及千人汽车拥有量等方面进行了比较，指出虽然我国与日本相比相差甚远，但我国汽车市场前景广阔，汽车产销量在未来的3～5年内会跃居世界首位，成为汽车工业强国。     

新机遇下我国新能源汽车换电模式发展前景分析

换电模式是一种新能源汽车快速补电方式,具有补电速度快、自动化水平高、集成度高等优点,可大大降低消费者里程焦虑。还可实现“车电分离”销售,解决消费者购车成本高的难题。由于受到换电标准不统一、换电车型少等因素限制,新能源汽车换电模式发展较为缓慢。随着财政补贴退坡,换电模式重新引起政府部门和行业企业重视。文章重点研究了换电模式技术路线、应用现状和技术优势,分析了新的机遇下换电模式的发展空间和市场前景。     

市场经济下的工程量清单计价与定额计价的思考

我国的工程造价长期以来按照传统的定额模式进行计价，目前推行工程量清单计价模式。工程量清单计价模式实行量价分离，由企业根据自身情况按市场规律自主报价，但是，工程量清单计价模式在并不成熟的市场经济条件下还不能彻底取代传统的定额计价模式，按定额编制概（预）算的造价管理方法仍然具有不可替代的作用，尽管如此，工程量清单计价的推行乃大势所趋。     

Workshop report - Beyond competitive tendering

Most countries contemplating the introduction of competition-based organizational forms did not perceive the British deregulated bus regime to be the way forward. A deeper analysis of facts and an international coverage of the local successes of that regime remained marginal and, as a result, the reputation of deregulated regimes remained bad or - at best - a contentious issue. The rush for competitive tendering was further stimulated by the European Commission’s endeavour to enact a Regulation that put forward competitive tendering of exclusive contracts as the preferred way to organise local public transport markets. Yet, as discussed in this workshop, deregulation in various guises may well play a growing role in local and regional transport. This is already visible in long-distance coach transport and in (international) European railway markets as from 2010. The workshop paper discusses whether such competition-based institutional alternatives to competitive tendering can provide efficiency and service improvements, how such competition-based alternatives should be ‘regulated’ and, alternatively, how a non-competitive direct award could perhaps still guarantee good performance.